Toni Morrison and Charlotte Perkins Gilman :: comparison compare contrast essays

Toni Morrison and Charlotte Perkins Gilman    In this age of electric cars, flying machines, and Chinese take-out, it is easy to let certain every-day flaws slip past us.   Take for example language.   What percentage of American's say "I don't got any money" when in reality they don't have any money?   Sure it's just a minor flaw, a minute blemish that could easily pass unnoticed.   But, what about the next person who says, "I ain't got no money."   Is there a limit?   Is there a limit to how badly language can be mutilated, destroyed, or is death the ultimate confinement?   Nobel Prize winner, Toni Morrison, expresses her disgust and fear of such a death in her 1993 Nobel Prize Lecture.   She tells the story of an elderly blind woman whom is known and respected in her community for her wisdom and knowledge.   Morrison explains that "Among her people [the old woman] is both the law and its transgression" (Morrison 1993).   On one occasion, the woman is approached by some young people who are intent on taking advantage of her blindness.   They say, "Old woman, I hold in my hand a bird.   Tell me whether it is living or dead."   After some time the woman replies, "I don't know.   I don't know whether the bird you are holding is dead or alive, but what I do know is that it is in your hands. It is in your hands." (Morrison 1993)   Morrison interprets the bird to be language and the woman to be a practiced writer.  Ã‚   Morrison states that "[The woman] is worried about how the language she dreams in, given to her at birth, is handled, put into service, even withheld from her for certain nefarious purposes.   ...She believes that if the bird in the hands of her visitors is dead, the custodians are responsible for the corpse" (Morrison 1993).   The woman is aware that language, her very way of communicating with the world, her sole instrument of expression in modern society, is dying.   As language continues to die, the woman and her medium for expression become increasingly confined, with death as the final outcome.   She is shackled and detained by her inability to halt the holocaust, the complete and utter desecration of the language she loves so much.

Supplier Relationships: a Strategic Initiative

Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative Jagdish N. Sheth Goizueta Business School Emory University Arun Sharma University of Miami Jagdish N. Sheth is Charles H. Kellstadt Professor of Marketing, Emory Business School, Emory University and Arun Sharma is Associate Professor of Marketing, University of Miami. This paper extends research published by the authors in Industrial Marketing Management (March 1997). Please address correspondence to Arun Sharma, Department of Marketing, University of Miami, P. O. Box 248147, Coral Gables FL 33124, Telephone: (305) 284 1770, FAX: (305) 284 5326.Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative* Abstract In an increasing competitive marketplace, firms are seeking new methods of enhancing competitive advantage. Today, purchasing is becoming a strategic function and a key factor in competitive positioning. This paper suggests that effective relationship with suppliers will provide firms with next-generational competitive advantage. With conso lidation of firms within industries, continuos product evolution and constant pressure on costs, supplier relationships will become more critical in the future.This paper discusses the emergence of supplier relationships, and how this shift toward supplier relationships has and will change the role, processes and strategies of firms. Although purchasing has strategic importance within a firm, good relationships between customers and suppliers are elusive. Firms, therefore, need to emphasize aspects that will enhance supplier relationships. * This paper extends research published by the authors in Industrial Marketing Management (March 1997). Supplier Relationships: A Strategic InitiativeIntroduction Firms are facing increasingly competitive environments characterized by continuos pressure on costs, large global players, continuously evolving products, customer fragmentation and emerging technologies. To ensure success, firms realize that they cannot be experts in all businesses and are concentrating on their core competencies. As an example, Westinghouse is selling its power and defense lines to concentrate on the broadcasting business. To enhance their performance in non-core competency areas, companies are reevaluating business relationships so as to form closer relationships with strategic suppliers [1, 2, 3].Firms have realized that collaborative business relationships improve a firm's ability to respond to the new business environment by allowing them to focus on their core businesses and reduce costs in business processes. In an earlier paper, we had suggested that the source of next-generational competitive advantage will be collaborative relationships that firms have with their suppliers [4]. We suggested four reasons for this phenomena. First, marketers or sellers are driving this change as firms have started identifying and catering to the needs of specific customers.Thus, having a relationship with suppliers will enable firms to receive better servi ce and therefore be more efficient in procurement. Second, firms recognize that supplier relationships will allow them to be more effective. It is easier to implement strategies such as quality platforms, if firms have relationships with their suppliers. Third, there are enabling technologies that allow firms to select their best customers and suppliers. Computer programs allow firms to calculate profitability Page 2 associated with each customer or supplier.Finally, competition and the growth of alliances are forcing firms to develop better supplier relationships to maintain a competitive edge. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that supplier partnerships will provide a strategic advantage to firms. This paper identifies the benefits of supplier partnerships and provides guidelines for future supplier partnering. Shift in Organizational Strategy The reason for the emerging emphasis on supplier relationships is the shift in organizational buying strategies [4]. Organizational purchasing strategies have been dramatically changing for four reasons (please see Figure 1).First, global competitiveness had made firms realize the competitive advantages of creating and managing supply chain relationships. Second, emergence of the Total Quality Management philosophy has encouraged â€Å"reverse marketing† starting with external customers and moving backward into procurement processes. For example, Demand Driven Manufacturing or flexible manufacturing and operations have been instituted in order to serve the diversity of demand with respect to form, place and time value to customers. The role of suppliers is critical in this regard.Third, industry restructuring through mergers, acquisitions and alliances on a global basis has reorganized the procurement function from a decentralized administrative function to a centralized strategic function. This is further intensified by outsourcing many support functions such as data processing, and human resources. Fin ally, uses of information technologies have restructured the buying philosophy, processes and platforms by allowing firms to share market information and use market information to schedule design and manufacturing of products better. Page 3Fundamentally, the consequence of changing paradigms of organizational strategy is likely to result in a two dimensional shift as shown in Figure 2. Organizational purchasing strategy shifts from a transaction oriented to a relational oriented philosophy, and from a decentralized domestic sourcing to a centralized global sourcing process. Relationship with Suppliers As stated earlier, we suggest that developing relationship with suppliers will be critical for the effective functioning of firms. This trend is reflected in Table 1 that shows that large firms have substantially reduced their number of suppliers.This trend also suggests that some suppliers would be exclusive to firms. The primary reasons are that corporations are becoming leaner. The procurement function is becoming more centralized while the profit-and-loss (P) responsibility of firms is becoming less centralized. Business-unit heads are raising more questions about the way things are bought. And as vertically integrated companies – those that have complete internal capabilities and are self-sufficient – become relics and outsourcing of operations become a reality, more opportunities to partner with suppliers will arise.Taking advantage of these opportunities is increasingly important for several reasons: †¢ Declining market prices. Nobody expects prices to rise anymore. There is going to be a tighter squeeze on the margins of customer companies. They would like to get that margin reestablished by working with suppliers. †¢ Rising competitive intensity. With the restructuring of the world economy, the formation of the World Trade Organization, and greater economic integration within and between regions, global and regional consolidation is clearly taking place and resulting in greater Page 4 competition. Advanced technology enablers. Electronic commerce and networked computing are here. Dramatically reduced cycle times are becoming an ordinary achievement. These require partnering with suppliers. †¢ Reverse marketing strategies. The traditional process flow – from R and sourcing to manufacturing, sales and service – is becoming a thing of the past. Today, market-focused organizations are organizing into reverse marketing – starting with the end users. Partnering with suppliers is critical to this strategy. †¢ Strategic positioning. In the past, companies partnered primarily for operational efficiency (i. . , just-in-time procedures or zero-inventory models). Today, intense competition is coming from existing rivals, new entrants and the threat of substitutes. Partnering with suppliers is an increasingly important way of minimizing the competition’s negative impact on an industr y. Example of Companies Benefitting from Supplier Relationships The major research regarding the advantage of supplier relationships comes from a study of the Japanese automotive component industry [5]. They found that the average length of the relationship between suppliers and buyers was 22 years.In addition, the major customer bought about half the output of the supplier firm. About 26% of the supplier’s development effort was devoted to a single customer. Competition was restricted to 2-4 other suppliers. Finally, the quality of delivered product was very good. The data would suggest that supplier relationship enhanced the design efforts of the buying company and reduced uncertainty and costs for the Page 5 supplier company. Eastman Kodak, Ford Motor Company, Levi Strauss, DuPont , McKesson and Bose corporation demonstrate that some savings can be achieved by supplier relationships [2].These firms as well as examples of other firms using specific tactics to benefit from s uccessful relationships are discussed next: Eastman Kodak Company: Eastman Kodak Company has outsourced its data and information processing system to IBM. Kodak has achieved substantial cost savings through reducing personnel, assets and capital expenditures in an area that is not its area of core competency. This shift toward asking data processing and systems management consultants to manage the information and data processing of a firm has accelerated as major firms such as Xerox and Ryder have outsourced their internal data processing systems.Ford Motor Company: Ford formed a relationship with one of their own clutch suppliers. Ford examined the production process of their supplier and was able to reduce the cost of the clutch by 20% benefitting both Ford and the clutch supplier. Similarly, based on their past experience with Donnelly, Honda picked Donnelly as an exterior mirror supplier, although Donnelly had no experience in the area [3]. Honda sent its engineers into Donnelly ’s plant, and Honda and Donnelly engineers reorganized the plant and re engineered the product process.Sales are expected to be $60 million in 1997 and costs are expected to decline 2% annually benefitting both Honda and Donnelly. JC Penny and Levi Strauss: JC Penny and Levi Strauss are linked with an electronic Data Page 6 interchange (EDI) that allows Levi Strauss to obtain sales data. Levi Strauss obtains data on the exact size of jeans sold in individual stores. This data allows Levi Strauss to better plan the production process as well as better control inventory and delivery. This saving leads to a reduction in costs and prices benefitting both JC Penny and Levi Strauss.DuPont: Dupont has reduced the costs of each purchase transaction in the maintenance and repair supplies division from $120 to $16 by working with a smaller number of suppliers. DuPont selected one distributor in each region for a supplier relationship. They then implemented a paperless order, receipt an d payment process. In addition to decreased costs of transaction, inventory at the maintenance and repair facilities were reduced by 50%. McKesson Drug Company: McKesson a major drug distributor, developed a relationship with Johnson and Johnson, one of their major suppliers.Through a joint computer system development effort, both firms receive data on inventory, point of sale, demand, and customer information. This has led to Johnson and Johnson providing better service to McKesson increasing the level of service that McKesson provides to its customers. Due to the success of the relationship, Johnson and Johnson has turned over a million dollars worth of business to McKesson. Bose Corporation: Bose corporation has attempted to eliminate both purchasers and salespeople by bringing suppliers into the manufacturing process.Suppliers have access to Bose’s data, employees and processes. They work with Bose’s engineers on present and future products. The Page 7 reduction in personnel reduces costs for both sides, and a direct contact between the user and producer enhances quality and innovation. Establishing and Maintaining Supplier Relationships Wilson [6] suggests that the majority of alliances fail. We feel that most of the problems are associated with the selection and maintaining of supplier relationships. We present research finding from academic research, USGAO [2] and our own experiences.In order to establish relationships, we suggest that firms be very selective in their criteria. In addition to the normal criteria of competency and quality, we suggest the following additional factors be taken into consideration: †¢ Trust and Commitment to Long-term Goals. Both suppliers and buyers need to demonstrate trust and commitment toward a long-term vision. Trust and commitment have been shown to be the major predictors of successful relationships. †¢ Mutual Benefit. The relationship should be of benefit to both the buyer and the seller.If t he relationship has one-sided benefits, the relationship will not last. †¢ Top Management Support. Most successful relationships are associated with support from the top managers of a firm. As examples, the success of Walmart and Corning in forming relationships is because their CEOs have supported supplier relationships. Also, DuPont and Roadway Express have formed an Executive Board that meets at both companies to enhance their relationship [2]. †¢ Compatible Organizational Culture. The culture of firms should be compatible. This Page 8 uggests that they share common values and share common reward systems. A major relationship initiative between two telecommunication firms did not work because they did not share a common work philosophy. One firm was very intense, whereas the other firm was laid back. The relationship dissolved in six months. †¢ Sharing of Information. Relationships require sharing of information. The benefits of relationships arise from reducing th e uncertainty associated with transaction oriented exchanges. Information increases certainty and reduces needless interaction.As an example, Bailey Controls, a manufacturer of control systems shares data with two of its main electronic distributors that has allowed Bailey to reduce inventory and costs [3]. †¢ Strong and Open Communications. Strong and open communications reduces misunderstanding and enhances the quality of relationships. Maintaining Successful Relationships The following aspects are regarded as important for the successful maintenance of relationships. †¢ Simple and Flexible Contract. Simple and flexible contracts enhance relationships as they are used as guides rather than specifying all contingencies.For example, when Kodak outsourced their computer support services to IBM, they used an eleven-page contract [2]. In contrast, typically simple business contracts run to about 30 pages. †¢ Intensive Management Involvement. Cross functional teams from b oth the supplier and buyer organizations that meet periodically to enhance their relationships. For example, Ford uses salespeople to provide suppliers with consumer feedback [2]. Page 9 †¢ Periodic Performance Monitoring. We have found that performance monitoring is critical for relationships. Suppliers also appreciate a formal performance evaluation method.As an example, Motorola evaluates and generates a score card for all of its suppliers [3]. The supplier’s next order is based on the supplier’s previous performance. Suppliers appreciate this knowledge and compete better. †¢ Internal Controls. It is intuitive but companies need to protect access and distribution of confidential information with rigorous internal controls. †¢ Problem Solving Procedures. Companies need to establish problem solving procedures that reduce conflicts or prevent conflicts. One of the simplest forms is frequent communication at all levels of the customer and supplier organiz ation.Organizational Changes Need to Establish Supplier Relationships As stated earlier, as we traverse from a transaction and domestic orientation to a relationship and global orientation, firms will need to emphasize the development of relationship with suppliers. This emphasis of a relationship orientation toward suppliers will lead to an expertise in many aspects of business buying. These areas are highlighted in Figure 3, raised in our earlier paper [4] and discussed next. 1. Supplier as a Customer. As discussed earlier, there will be a thrust toward developing and maintaining relationship with customers.However, firms’ understanding in this area is very limited. Firms will need to develop commitment, trust and cooperation with their suppliers. Firms will need to invest in mutual goals, interdependence, structural bonds, adaptation, non Page 10 retrievable assets, shared technology and social bonds to ensure successful relationships [6]. 2. Cross-Functional Supplier Team s. Marketers have used interdisciplinary teams to contact and maintain relationships with their customers. As individual suppliers relationships become more important we expect a similar thrust toward cross-functional teams that are dedicated or focused on their key suppliers.The importance of individual suppliers is expected to increase because of the emergence of sourcing on a global and relational basis with a few key suppliers. Firms will need to change goals, reward structure and group norms of the purchasing function. 3. Does Partnering Pay? Firms will need to monitor the return on investment in establishing relationships with suppliers. Therefore, firms will need to develop a performance metric that analytically quantifies supplier relationship equity. We feel that supplier partnering with smaller share suppliers will not be economical.The cost-benefit analysis of supplier relationships should result in increased supplier selectivity. 4. Supply Experience Curves. Managing sup plier relationships will not be an easy task. The task of managing relationships on a global basis will be more complex and not analogous to domestic supplier management as most business customers have realized. Therefore, in industries where supply function is a key strategic advantage, companies need to focus on creating core competency in supply side management and develop sharper experience curves. Page 11 5. Hub and Spokes Organization. We expect organizations to reduce the number of uppliers in each product or service category. In addition, re engineering has forced firms to out source internal activities. We expect the results of these two trends to lead to a hub and spoke organization in which one or two suppliers in each product or service category are the spokes and the procurement organization becomes the hub on a global basis. 6. Bonding with Suppliers. Marketers, specifically those that practice relationship marketing have learned to bond with their customers. Bonding r elates to the empathy that the marketing organizations feel toward their customer groups.With an increasing trend toward creating, managing, and enhancing ongoing relationships with suppliers on a global basis, organizations will have to invest in supplier bonding processes and philosophies. 7. Global Sourcing. We expect global sourcing to be a source of strategic advantage. While several global enterprises, especially in the automotive, high technology and the aerospace industries are establishing processes and platforms, it is still at an infancy stage of practice in other industries. Firms will have to develop expertise in global sourcing strategies as well as global logistics. . Cross-Culture Values. Firms will need to be more aware of cross-cultural values. These values may be in conflict with the firm’s present value system. As an example, firms in the US are accused of focusing on short-term profitability whereas firms in Japan are concerned about long-term positioning . Similarly, in some cultures, reciprocity is declared illegal and unethical Page 12 whereas in other cultures it is the preferred way of doing business. What is considered as an agency fee in one country is recognized as a bribe, subject to prosecution under the anticorruption laws.Similarly, doing business with family members and politically connected individuals are presumed to provide a sense of trust and commitment in some cultures whereas it is considered as nepotism and unethical behavior in others. 9. Cross-National Rules. Firms will also have to learn about cross national rules. Specifically, the two tier regulations (one for domestic and the other for foreign enterprises) are common with respect to ownership, management control, and co-production practices in countries such as China.With the rise of nationalism in recent years, this has become a key issue for global enterprises such as McDonald's, Coca-Cola, General Electric, and Enron, especially as they expand their mark et scope and supply scope in large emerging nations such as India, China, and Indonesia. 10. Services Procurement. As organizations out source more and more internal services, and as suppliers engage in providing value-added services to their customers, firms need to better understand and research services procurement. Additionally, as most advanced countries are services economies, services procurement will rise in prominence.Conclusions The paper examined the reasons for the emergence supplier relations as source of Page 13 competitive advantage. The paper discusses successful relationships, rules for developing relationships and concludes with organizational strategies that will enhance supplier relationships. Page 14 References 1. Napolitano, Lisa, Customer-Supplier Partnering; A Strategy Whose Time has Come, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 4 (Fall), 1-8 (1997). United States General Accounting Office, Partnerships: Customer-Supplier Relationships can be Improv ed through Partnering, Report Number 94-173, Washington, D.C. (1994). Magnet, Myron, The New Golden Rule of Business, Fortune, February 21, 60-64 (1994). Sheth, Jagdish N. , and Arun Sharma, Supplier Relationships: Emerging Issues and Challenges, Industrial Marketing Management, 26 (2), 91-100 (1997). Wasti, S Nazli, Jeffrey K. Liker, Risky business or competitive power? Supplier involvement in Japanese product design, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14 (September), 337-55 (1997). Wilson, David T. , An Integrated Model of Buyer Seller Relationships, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23, 4, 335-45, (1995). Emshwiller, John R. Suppliers Struggle to Improve Quality as Big Firms Slash their Vendor Roles, Wall Street Journal, August 16, B1, (1991). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 15 Table 1 Reduction in the Number of Suppliers Company Number of Suppliers Current Previous 5,000 10,000 9,000 10,000 1,800 22,000 520 7,500 Percentage Change 90. 00% 70. 00% 66. 66% 45. 00% 44. 44% 36. 36% 26. 92% 20. 00% Xerox Motorola Digital Equipment General Motors Ford Motor Texas Instruments Rainbird Allied-Signal Aerospace 500 3,000 3,000 5,500 1,000 14,000 380 6,000 Source: Emshwiller [7]. Page 16 Figure 1 Changing Paradigm of Organizational Purchasing StrategyGlobal Competitiveness Technology Enablers Changing Paradigms of Procurement TQM Philosophy Industry Restructuring Page 17 Figure 2 Shift in Organizational Purchasing Strategy Global Sourcing Changing Paradigms of Procurement Transaction Oriented Relationship Oriented Industry Restructuring Domestic Sourcing Page 18 Figure 3 Emerging Areas of Expertise in Supplier Relationships Service Procurement Supplier as a Customer Cross Functional Supplier Teams Cross-National Rules Partnering Cross Cultural Values Supply Experience Curve Global Sourcing Bonding with Suppliers Hub and Spoke Organization Page 19

The Development of Information Technology 2019

The word Information technology is often associated with the computer generation, it is as old as the word itself. In this article, the term information technology means the modern science of digital information and its various properties such as recording, use, and transmission through computers. The First Computers! The first Computers were integrated circuits on a single chip. Around the year 1980, the first computers were available which were priced suitably. In 1977, the first computer by Apple, Apple II was launched and soon after IBM came out with their PC in 1981. in the late 80s the revolutionary Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) came into the scene. This program allowed the users to look at their screens with windows; also the clickable commands and color appeared. In 1983 Windows was introduced in the market and simultaneously the first Apple Macintosh was launched in 1984. With the rapid development of computers, in 1965, Gordon Moore gave a law. He predicted that the number of transistors on a computer chip would double every 18 months. Gordan Moore is the co-founder of the worlds leading computer chip manufacturer, Intel. His rule was true for chips for about thirty years. In the current scenario, the speed of the chips has declined to some extent but the density of data involved in computer functions has followed Moores law. .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5:active, .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u7a4747d10776f5e8305c5ec096ddd9d5:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ How to Teach Yourself Computer ProgrammingSoftware Programs that take a lot of Computer Memory are introduced To keep up with this exploding industry, there was a simultaneous introduction of chips that were faster and could handle software programs using a lot of memory and hard drives that were constantly upgrading its capacity. About a decade and half ago, computers with 24 MB of RAM was adequate for general use. Today, the most common users need computers with more than a gigabyte – a forty-fold increase! Similar trends have been visible in standard computer data-memory capacity. From stand alones to Networks The world of IT on the same time has moved from working on stand-alone computers to networks of computers. Transfer of information and data has contributed immensely to the world of business. Networking has helped in providing access to common databases, resulting in the database becoming the main source of business records for a number of organizations. Software utilizing these databases has become a highly profitable industry. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software drives business activities for many big organizations which are occupied in product sales across the global markets .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824:active, .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ue6cfb90a19421eebb4f67bce7aff5824:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Schools, Colleges, and Institutes of TechnologyInformation Technology Introduces Us to a Friend Well Never Forget Information technology has also brought us the Internet. The web has become a primary communications device via email. It has become a full color, multimedia advertising platform for millions of small businesses. It has become a sales tool for increasing numbers of retailers, large and small. This, in turn, has led to an IT industry with software that handles online transactions, tracks shipping, and distributes orders within the business itself. Information technology has made it possible to make purchases online, and online sales have risen billions of dollars each year over the last five years doubling in some of those years. In a related field, information technology has made it possible to pay our bills and do our banking online. The Internet is on its way to replacing Main Street as the primary commercial avenue in this country. Its an industry that will continue to grow larger and add access into new areas of our society for some time to come. .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2:active, .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u06fcb96164b4d523a25b0c7ec49386f2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ BSB 5 Ways to Earn a Bachelor of Science in Business in as Little as 12 MonthsRelated ArticlesCareer Options in Computer SciencePut Creative Talents to Use with a Bachelors Degree in Interior DesignHow to Find a Good Information Technology SchoolComputer Science TechnologyOnline Computer Science Degree Important Contributions to Society from Professionals in Computer ScienceSchools, Colleges, and Institutes of Technology

Mahatma Gandhi And The Indian National Congress - 1264 Words

Mahatma Gandhi is a non-violent protestor who joined a party called the Indian National Congress. Gandhi is known for his famous speeches and how he peacefully protested to gain his freedom and equal rights for all his fellow people in India from the British. Gandhi’s passion for wanting equal rights led everyone to freedom in India in 1947 when Gandhi was 78. In South Asia a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage. Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in Probander, India. Mahatma came from a well put family, but wasn t high on the social class. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, was a little wealthy and had little material possession, but didn’t leave anything behind for his family. Gandhi’s mother, Putlibai Gandhi, gave what they had to the poor and spent most of her time nursing the sick. He went to school in Porbander until he was seven years old and then he attended a public school in Rajkot until he was 10 years old. Then at seventeen he went to high school at Katyavar. Then after high school he went to the University of Ahmedabad. At the age of nineteen he was sent to England to continue Uni. in London. Gandhi married to Kasturba Gandhi in the year of 1883 due to an arranged marriage. She ended up having two heart attacks and spent most of her time in bed. Then in late February she died in th e year of 1944. Gandhi and his wife ended up having four children. All of them being boys, Harilal Gandhi, Devdas Gandhi, Manilal Gandhi, and RamdasShow MoreRelatedGandhi s Effect On The World1174 Words   |  5 PagesGandhi’s Salt march which had the Indian independence. Gandhi played a major role in the development of nonviolence and peace activities. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the pre-eminent political and spiritual bellwether of India and the Indian independence movement. He had many adherents, and edified many how to protest placidly, instead of utilizing violence and war. Gandhi is a role model for many people today and is one of the most famous of all nonviolent activists. Gandhi made an immensely colossalRead MoreEssay about Gandhi and his passive Resistace to Great Britain in War I1040 Words   |  5 PagesMohandas Gandhi nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as mahatma Gandhi, was a Indian nationalist leader, who established his countrys freedom through a nonviolent revolution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gandhi became a leader in a difficult struggle, the Indian campaign for home rule. He believed and dedicated his life to demonstrating that both individuals and nations owe it to themselves to stay free, and to allow the same freedom to others. Gandhi was one ofRead MoreEssay on Mahatma Gandhi1642 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY ON MAHATMA GANDHI Mahatma Gandhi was born in the Porbandar city of Gujarat in october 2nd, 1869. His father name is Karamchand Gandhi, the diwan of Porbandar, and his wife, Putlibai. Since his mother was a Hindu of the Pranami Vaishnava order, Gandhi learned the tenets of non-injury to living beings, vegetarianism, fasting, mutual tolerance, etc, at a very tender age. Mohandas was married at the age of 13 to Kasturba Makhanji and had four sons. He passed the matriculation exam at SamaldasRead MoreMahatma Gandhi And The Indian Independence Movement1009 Words   |  5 Pagesthing that comes to mind is Mahatma Gandhi. The word ‘Mahatma’ is a literal translation to: great sage, a saint, a person to be considered as a messiah (Gandhi, 2011, P4). Descriptions such as freedom fighter, warrior for justice and activist are just three popular terms that describe Mohandas Gandhi today. But are all these descriptions true? Mahatma Gandhi is revered by mainstream opinion as a Jesus like figure. The m edia and in particular, Richard Attenborough (Gandhi 1982), portray Mohandas asRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Influential Religious Political Leaders Of The Twentieth Century1464 Words   |  6 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most admired and influential religious political leaders of the twentieth century. Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Essence Of His Movement1613 Words   |  7 PagesSecular Gandhi and Essence of his movement in Revolutionizing Congress Mahatma Gandhi was a political and spiritual leader, though not in a religious sense. He was a religious person but believed that all religions were equal and did not advocate on religion over another. Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar on the Western coast of India and raised by Hindu parents, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi found many opportunities in his youth to meet people of all faiths. He had many Christian and Muslim friendsRead MoreProfile Of A Positive Leader1124 Words   |  5 PagesProfile of a Positive Leader – Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, addressed as ‘Bapu’ or ‘the father of the nation’ in India, was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar district, in the state of Gujarat. He is known to be one of the most influential leaders in the history. As a child, Gandhi was very curious and intelligent. As a result, he was accepted to study at the University College London where he successfully completed his degree in law and became a barrister. He then returned to IndiaRead MoreSalt Satyagraha1584 Words   |  7 PagesDisobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12, 1930. It was the most significant organized challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, and the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on December 31, 1929. Mahatma Gandhi led the Dandi march from his Sabarmati AshramRead MoreLeadership Styles : Nelson Mandela And Mahatma Gandhi s Peace Movement1209 Words   |  5 Pagesstyles offers a foundation and direction that can be used in future conflicts to evolve positive change. Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi exemplified to the world that when disharmony shows its ugly face, there can be other ways to fight for change. Mandela’s efforts in the South African Apartheid beginning in 1948 and ending in 1994, chose forceful recognition while Gandhi working in the Peace Movement beginning in 1893 and ending in 1914, lead his people in prayer, fasting and meditation in a non-violentRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : Gandhi ( Gandhi )1176 Words   |  5 PagesKaramchand Gandhi, also known as Gandhi Ji, Mahatma Gandhi and Bapu. He was a nationalist leader in India, known for establishing freedom in India from British through nonviolent movement. He professed the term’s passive resistance and civil disobed ience insufficient for his work, however he devised a term called, Satyagraha (truth and firmness). He worked his whole life for peace and freedom in India, which I think, is something to be acknowledged by millions of people. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was

Women s Influence On The Field Of Psychology - 864 Words

Throughout the early days of psychology, opportunities for women where limited and it was an extremely difficult time for women to become apparent in the field of psychology. Women struggled for equality in the field of psychology and this began with our pioneers, Mary Whiton Calkins, who sat her PhD but was never awarded it, Margaret Washburn, being the first women to be awarded a PhD and Christine Ladd Franklin. Since these women made their breakthrough there has been more and more women contributing their knowledge to many areas in psychology such as, Anna Freud, who became influenced by her father’s theories and created her own theories in psychoanalysis. Karen Horney who contributed a substantial amount to the personality theory and later became interested in feminine psychology, Melanie Klein and Mary Ainsworth, just to name a few. These women faced several societal constraints and long held beliefs about the role of women in their era. At that time the societal belief was that women where intellectually inferior to men and responding to this judgement, male psychologists attempted to develop theories about what could happen to women if they did try to enter higher education. This paper will outline the contribution to the field of psychology that has been made by a female psychologist. This paper will focus on the contributions made by Mary D. Salter Ainsworth within her field of Developmental psychology and her contributions to other theories within the same subjectShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Evolution Of Psychology1192 Words   |  5 Pages Ideas in psychology have been influenced by many fields of study ranging from philosophy to physics. Evolutionary ideas, themselves, have had a substantial role in shaping psychological thought. This paper will provide an overview of the influence of evolutionary thought on the field of psychology along with a discussion of the range of societal implications associated with evolutionary psychology. The influence of evolutionary ideas on psychology dates back to Charles Darwin, the man who proposedRead MoreImportant Women Of History Of Psychology1460 Words   |  6 Pages Important Women in the History of Psychology Claudia Barrows University of the Incarnate Word History of Psychology PSYC 4331 cmfuente@stduent.uiwtx.edu Roxanne Mayorga Summer I 2016 Abstract When we study the history of psychology one might assume there were minimal female contributors, but that is a big misconception. Women in the past struggled with discrimination and many hurdles to gain recognition for their work. Women psychologists have gone largely unrecognized, unappreciatedRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis1339 Words   |  6 PagesConsidering himself a scientist rather than a doctor, Sigmund Freud established a private practice and started treating various psychological disorders. In his early practice, he obtained influence from other psychoanalysts, most notably Josef Breuer, who nurtured him into one of the most popular figures in the world of psychology. Through his practice and theories, Freud helped the global society to shape its perception on a number of issues including therapy, sexuality, personality, memory, and childhoodRead MoreThe Wrestler s Body : Identity And Ideology1365 Words   |  6 PagesAlter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestle r’s Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press. Anthony, Susan B. 1896 [suffragist], History of Women in Sports Timeline. Bale J. 1991. The Brawn Drain: Foreign Student-Athletes in American Universities. Urbana, IL: Univ. Ill. Press Bale, John, and Joseph Maguire, eds.1994 The Global Sports Arena: Athletic Talent Migration in an Interdependent World. London: Frank Cass Bailey, R., Wellard I., and Dismore, H., 2005 ParticipationRead MoreMulticultural Psychology Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Psychology Paper Multicultural Psychology Paper Multicultural psychology is the systematic study of all aspects of human behavior as it occurs in settings where people of different cultural backgrounds encounter each other. Multiculturalism has been considered a fourth force in the field of psychology, supplementing behaviorism, psychodynamic theories, and humanistic psychology. It explores such topics as differences in worldviews and in means of communication; the acculturationRead MoreIs Psychology A Science?998 Words   |  4 PagesThe question that ‘psychology is a Science’ motivates a substantially critical debate amongst many professions, having very strong opinions. To come to a vigorous conclusion on this subject we must take into recognition both sides of the argument, what is science, and weather Psychology meets the principles of Science. In doing this the following essay will be debating the principles of science, the scientific unifying approach, poppers opinion on whether psychology is a science through his theoryRead MoreHorney1624 Words   |  7 PagesWomen in Psychology Paper Shanda L. Ludwig PSY/310 September 11, 2011 Dr. Matt Pearcey Women in Psychology Paper It was not until the 1890s that women were allowed access to training in most fields of study, including psychology. Since that time many have made significant theoretical contributions to the field of psychology and our understanding of psychodynamic thought including the works of Karen Horney (1885–1952). She was a psychoanalyst best known for her work on neurosis and copingRead MoreThe MThe Measurement of Psychological Androgeny by Sandra Bem875 Words   |  4 Pages Sandra Bem, a pioneer in social psychology, introduced the concept of androgyny in her 1974 study, ‘The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny’. Bem was the first in her field to suggest that masculinity and femininity range on two separate dimensions as opposed to one single dichotomy. The study encountered statistically significant results to this idea and it was found that Bem’s idea of androgyny had been supported. Further psychological research has shown that Bem’s original study had greatRead More Social Psychology Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesSocial psychology is a science that study social thinking (how we perceive ourselves and others, judgement we make and our attitudes); social influence (such as pressure to conform, group of people) and social relations such as aggression and helping (David G. Myers, 2008). Social psychological research methods vary by location: in the laboratory or in the field. Also, it varies by method: correlational or experimental (David G. Myers, 2008). A field research method is everyday situations, forRead More Mary Whiton Calkins Essay743 Words   |  3 Pages1905. The majority of her adult life was dedicated to her work in the development of â€Å"psychology of selves.† She was very passionate about the relatively ‘new’ world of psychology and was highly active in the field of philosophy. Mary Whiton Calkins was not deterred in her ambitions because she was a woman, instead she used her struggles to gain a voice and to speak out against the oppression of women during the 1920’s. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born in 1863 to a Presbyterian minister and his wife

Producing Isoamyl Acetate from Isoamy Free Essays

This was then weighed and computed for the percent lied. The theoretical yield and the weighed value must have close values in order for this experiment to be successful. Keywords: fruit flavors, banana flavor, call stratification, reflux, extraction, washing, drying, drying agents Introduction Esters are a group of organic compounds that give out distinct odors. We will write a custom essay sample on Producing Isoamyl Acetate from Isoamy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples of esters are fruit flavors such as the product of this experiment. Somali acetate or banana flavor is an ester which resulted from an call stratification between Somali alcohol and Acetic anhydride. Call stratification is a reaction between acid anhydride and call chlorides. Through this experiment, the students that performed It would have learned about reflux, extraction, washing and drying. The reflux technique is the boiling of the reagents while cooling the vapor escaping from it and having it returned in the flask to prevent evaporation. This guarantees that the temperature in the flask is constant. Extraction, washing and drying the resulting chemicals after the reflux technique separates the desired product, in this experiment It was the Somali acetate, from the excess products. Drying agents are used twice In this experiment, first to remove the water where the undesired reduces was washed Into and the last to remove the excess. The objectives of this experiment is as follows: To synthesize Somali acetate from Somali alcohol and Acetic anhydride To calculate percent yield of Somali acetate To learn the reflux technique To learn the technique of extraction, washing and drying Methodology First, the reagents were prepared and properly labeled. 5 drops of concentrated HOSTS was added into the acetic anhydride while in an ice bath. While still in the ice bath, Somali alcohol was slowly added into the acetic anhydride. The reaction was extremely exothermic which explains the use of an ice bath. See Figure 1) The reagents were then transferred into a reaction flask. Three boiling chips were added in order for the chemicals to boil easily. It was then refluxed for 30 minutes making sure that the temperature remains constant at ICC. (See Figure 2) It is necessary to keep the temperature constant in order to avoid explosions. Figure 2. Reflux Technique It was then poured into a beaker with crushed ice and allowed to melt. After melting, it was transferred into a separating funnel. 15 ml saturated Enhance was added into the solution. This was necessary in order for the organic components to react with it ND become water-soluble. The funnel was then swirled until two layers have separated. (See Figure 3) Figure 3. Swirling the Separating Funnel The lower layer was discarded and 15 ml of saturated NCAA was added. NCAA was a drying agent for the removal of water. How to cite Producing Isoamyl Acetate from Isoamy, Papers

Analyzing National Competitive Advantage in Kuwait-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAnalyzing National Competitive Advantage in Kuwait. Answer: National Competitive Advantage and relating policies in Kuwait: Kuwait is one of worlds freest economies, which has the worlds sixth largest oil reserves that enrich its economy significantly (Kuwait Times, 2018). The country has the fourth highest per capita income in the world that makes it one of the wealthiest nations (Abdulla, Naser and Saeid 2014). With the possession of a huge share in the global oil resources, it stands out to be an extra economic power. The economic success of Kuwait stands on its comparative advantages that strive to overcome the various disadvantages. The government supports a free market economy, however, Kuwait is still to prosper and succeed in the global competition. Considering the Porters model of Competitive Advantage, the four policies connoting to the four determinants of national competitive advantage that helps to attract Multinational Corporations and protect the domestic firms in the company. The Porters model shows multiple alternatives for companies to acquire competitive advantage. The four determinants of Porters model that serve to be the basis for analyzing and discussing Kuwaits competitive advantage are as follows: The competitive advantage of Kuwait, as in the case of other nations, developed with passing time. With these, the strengths of Kuwait have contributed to its current position in the world market. Business Atmosphere: The government in Kuwait has an excellent infrastructure that has highly contributed through the business atmosphere in the nation. Having an economic freedom score of about 62.2, the trade freedom shows that foreign exchange controls are rarely present enabling free capital movement into and out of the nation (Marchi, Maria and Micelli 2013). Taxation policies are weak since the legal system is not well developed. Individual income is also not taxed and firms owned by foreign delegates along with the joint ventures are subjected to flat 15% corporate income tax (Marchi, Maria and Micelli 2013). Thus, raw materials and other necessities for business can be imported into the nation duty free. The government has been able to bring the cost of living of the people under control through stricter control of the supply of money and initiated policies for subsidising the prices of multiple commodities and services. Thus, it is very advantageous for MNCs to set in business in Kuwaits market situation. It has the ability to grow its capital market enough through the new businesses thriving in and the domestic firms it already has (Laszlo and Zhexembayeva 2017). Together they serve to be a catalyst for development. Thus, Kuwait must adopt rational financial policies to better integrate the businesses. Population growth: Kuwait has a population of about 4.3 million people out of which 1.3 serves to be Kuwaitis and 2.9 are expatriates (Times, 2018). The country being dominated by expatriates accounting to seventy percent of the population, it becomes favourable for the MNCs to prosper with their business renderings. However, Kuwait needs to foster on the governments stability and its political and legal system. Many foreigners have trouble in enforcing aspects of contracts in the legal courts. Corruption serves to be widespread and the judicial system has a wide political influence that lacks transparency (Al-Saidi and Al-Shammari 2014). Thus, the country fails to diversify its economy that sets in a poor business climate. However, the social factor that strengthened Kuwait is the prevailing market that seeks quality from its domestic manufacturers. Thus, there is the creation of an atmosphere that expects high quality exports worldwide. The evolution of Kuwaits assets has provided the pathway for var ious businesses such as chemical production, machineries, banking industries and others along with the huge oil industry, which it already has. Demand Determinant: Porter evaluated that the demand determinant promotes the accumulation of nations competitive industries. The industrial growth of Kuwait has been widely influenced by the demand determinant factor, making it unique compared to the other Middle Easts industrial powers. The uniqueness of the industries has been growing from the arena of medium to bigger sized companies that frame the basic of the export trades of Kuwait (Sola et al. 2013). The unlimited natural resources like oil, gas, arable land and lower energy cost of Kuwait serve to be the economic factors that promote productivity. Thus, the competitive advantage in the country is rapid in various sectors. The vast oil reserves dominate the Kuwaiti economy that relies heavily on oil. Thus, various policies that would increase productivity, embarking a growth in per capita income would lead the country to be one of the leading economic nations. Considering the demand determinant with the accelerating policies, Kuwait can increase its shares in the industries of the world with a continuous flow of domestic investments. New Developing Phase: Kuwait has not been able to diversify its economy and promote the private sector chiefly because a large section of the public sector employs about seventy-six percent of the citizens. Moving from the economy driven by the public sector, Kuwait is now entering a new era of development in which the private sector is gaining importance and becoming the engine for growth (Mohammed 2017). The various private companies are being inspired to render greater participation in infrastructural development that includes sanitation, waterpower and others. Thus, policies relating to the privatisation in various key factors needs to be and are being accelerated. Different aspects such as public transportation, services related to port and postal system are getting the recognition of private management (Al-Shammari 2014). Various MNCs with services such as telecommunication and other developmental businesses have the opportunity for expanding industries in Kuwaits market. However, there are uncertai nties regarding the regulations that govern competition among firms. Kuwait has various competitive advantages for its domestic businesses and other MNCs to practice effectively in the country, however, certain competitive disadvantages seem to evolve in the market structure of the country. The companies in Kuwait are assessed to be less competitive in the world market. Moreover, they seem to be very slow in responding to the changing environment. Thus, various MNCs take a step back for establishing their businesses in the country believing that prosperity has ended. The country simultaneously incurred deficit in balance of payments for a long time. It is also reported to have a high burden of domestic debt with a partially developed stock market. Thus, Kuwait as a whole must initiate some immediate policies to promote competitive advantages to develop its economy in the long term. Strategies to enhance employment in Kuwait firms: Considering employment, the various strategies that are being encouraged and adopted by the prevailing and emerging companies of Kuwait are discussed below- The government of Kuwait has already been using wage policies to achieve equality among various sectors of the economy in respect to working hours, incentives or wages. The public sector of Kuwait has been suffering from over employment (Behar and Mok 2013). Thus, the government has been encouraging the youth to be engaged in the private sector instead of waiting for public sector jobs. Students from the various universities are being subjected to transformative training and get engaged in highly demand labour market that includes science, technology and technical fields. Influencing policy has been motivating the private sector to participate in economic activities and create more job opportunities. This would balance the burden of employment of graduates in the public sector. Oil being the chief source of income in Kuwait, the nation has been experiencing some fiscal consolidation due to the fall in oil prices. However, such fiscal obstacles are not supposed to affect the employment policies. Social protection along with the promises of state to guarantee employment services and benefits to the citizens has been very effective in the country (Assaad 2014). Alongside, the support towards artisans by giving them incentives to increase their competitive abilities has been equally beneficial. With multiple financial support and administrative facilities, the country ensures the sustainability to attract the youth and graduates in better employment. The second developmental plan of Kuwait ensures health, education and social services to its workers backed by laws and regulations that assure the countrys respect towards international labour standards. Improving the business environment with major investment opportunities promotes greater employments. The establishment of joint stock companies, increasing partnership projects with private sector, improve in public projects management and the growing establishment of small businesses with improved investment rates have created more opportunities for employment in the private sector (Jehanzeb, Rasheed and Rasheed 2013). This has been leading to the improvement and growth of economy in general. The first and second development plan of Kuwait serves to be important elements to reduce unemployment and create more job opportunities for the national labour force. Along with these, activation of the National Fund to support small and medium enterprises has been very effective for the reduction of unemployment. All these have been successful in creating sustainable jobs that have supported the main industries in the country. With greater training, the country has been provoking the youth to expand their technical, technological and vocational skills to improve their capabilities and be employed in various sectors. Thus, Kuwait as a country, with all its disadvantageous propositions has been striving hard to render greater employment and proceed to become one of the leading economies in the world. References: Abdulla, A.M., Naser, K. and Saeid, M., 2014. Employability factors of business graduates in Kuwait: Evidence from an emerging country.International Journal of Business and Management,9(10), p.49. Al-Saidi, M. and Al-Shammari, B., 2014. Corporate governance in Kuwait: An analysis in terms of grounded theory.International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,11(2), pp.128-160. Al-Shammari, B., 2014. Kuwait corporate characteristics and level of risk disclosure: a content analysis approach.Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business Research,3(3), pp.128-153. Assaad, R., 2014. Making sense of Arab labor markets: the enduring legacy of dualism.IZA Journal of Labor Development,3(1), p.6. Behar, M.A. and Mok, M.J., 2013.Does Public-Sector Employment Fully Crowd Out Private-Sector Employment?(No. 13-146). International Monetary Fund. Jehanzeb, K., Rasheed, A. and Rasheed, M.F., 2013. Organizational commitment and turnover intentions: impact of employees training in private sector of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Business and Management,8(8), p.79. Kuwait Times. (2018).Iran eyes major economic growth next year - Kuwait Times. [online] Available at: https://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/iran-eyes-major-economic-growth-next-year/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Laszlo, C. and Zhexembayeva, N., 2017.Embedded sustainability: The next big competitive advantage. Routledge. Marchi, V.D., Maria, E.D. and Micelli, S., 2013. Environmental strategies, upgrading and competitive advantage in global value chains.Business strategy and the environment,22(1), pp.62-72. Mohammed, N.S.A., 2017.Population and development of the Arab Gulf States: the case of Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait. Routledge. Sola, D., Couturier, J., Raiciu, C. and Cuzzolin, S., 2013. Market entry decisions in emerging economies: the choice of local intermediaries as key determinant of competitive sustainability. Examining the case of a leading MNC entering the Maghreb region.International Journal of Trade and Global Markets,6(1), pp.51-65. Times, A. (2018).Kuwait population rises to 4.33 mln - ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS. [online] ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS. Available at: https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/kuwait-population-rises-4-33-mln/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018].